An RFC for inline expression and value logging

rfcs/0001-inline-expression-value-logging.md

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+# Summary
+
+Add support to `log` for inline expression and value logging, as a
+superset of the `dbg!` macro recently added to rust `std`.
+
+# Motivation
+
+The motivation is in part the same as for the accepted `dbg!` macro of
+[RFC 2361], as implemented in rust 1.32. To summarize:
+
+* It is convenient to be able to insert logging into larger expressions
+  without needing to restructure using additional `let` bindings, or
+  by duplicating sub-expressions.
+
+* For debug/trace level logging in particular, automatic formatting of
+  the expression with its value can give sufficient context in the log
+  (particularly with _target_, _file_ and _line_ information) and avoids
+  additional boilerplate.
+
+In a project where configuring `log` and an output logger
+implementation hasn't (yet) happened, one can conveniently use
+[`std::dbg!`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.dbg.html), with no
+initial setup cost, for `expression = value` printing to STDERR. From
+the linked rustdoc:
+
+> Note that the macro is intended as a debugging tool and therefore
+> you should avoid having uses of it in version control for longer
+> periods. Use cases involving debug output that should be added to
+> version control may be better served by macros such as `debug!` from
+> the `log` crate.
+
+Indeed, a major point of the `log` package and `Level`s, is the
+ability to keep `debug!` and `trace!` logging in place for further
+use, including by other contributors, without paying a cost for
+unlogged messages in release builds.
+
+It follows that for projects that _do already have_ `log` and an
+output logger dependency and configuration, and particularly with some
+debug/trace logging already in place, use of `std::dbg!` would be
+unwelcome in PRs, and likely less productive than a `log`-based
+equivalent.
+
+## `std::dbg!` doesn't work well in projects with `log` configured
+
+In the context of unit tests, when using `cargo test`, _stderr_ (or
+_stdout_) configured log output isn't captured, while `dbg!`, at least
+when used within the tests, is captured.  For passing tests, only log
+output will be shown. For failing tests, log and `dbg!` output are
+shown out of order, with `dbg!` captured and buffered for output at
+the end of the test.
+
+A workaround is the rather elusive `cargo test -- --nocapture` flags,
+while selecting a single test by name or using `-j 1` (single thread)
+to prevent interleaving of output. But even with these workarounds in
+place, or in the context of examples or other executables:
+
+* The output is jarringly in two different formats: one configurable
+  by the logging implementation, the other hard-coded by `std::dbg!`
+  which acts effectively like its own micro-logging system.
+
+* `std::dbg!` is hard-coded to use "pretty" multi-line format (via
+  `{:#?}`), which is also jarring by normal logging conventions.
+
+* `std::dbg!` isn't beholden to log's level or other filtering and
+  thus can't be kept in a project.
+
+* Other log metadata or output options like module name (`target`) or
+  thread names are not available with `dbg!`
+
+Below, us an excerpt of a debugging session combining `log::trace!`,
+`log::debug!`, and `std::dbg!`:
+
+```txt
+TRACE mio::poll: registering with poller
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::builder: build; num-workers=2
+TRACE mio::poll: registering with poller
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::sender: execute; count=1
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool:     -> submit external
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool: signal_work -- notify; idx=1
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool: signal_work -- spawn; idx=1
+[body-image-futio/src/futio_tests/server.rs:73] Tuner::new().set_buffer_size_fs(17).finish()
+= Tunables {
+    max_body_ram: 196608,
+    max_body: 1073741824,
+    buffer_size_ram: 8192,
+    buffer_size_fs: 17,
+    size_estimate_deflate: 4,
+    size_estimate_gzip: 5,
+    size_estimate_brotli: 6,
+    temp_dir: "/tmp",
+    res_timeout: None,
+    body_timeout: Some(
+        60s
+    )
+}
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::sender: execute; count=2
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool:     -> submit external
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool: signal_work -- notify; idx=0
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::pool: signal_work -- spawn; idx=0
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::worker: Worker::sleep; worker=WorkerId(1)
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::worker:   sleeping -- push to stack; idx=1
+TRACE tokio_threadpool::worker:     -> starting to sleep; idx=1
+```
+
+With `std::dbg!` released, there is intrinsic value in offering
+developers parity and convenience with an extension to `log` for
+inline expression and value logging.
+
+# Detailed Design
+
+In addition to the existing set of _formatted logging_ macros, by
+level, e.g. `trace!`, `debug!`, etc., we add a new set of _inline
+expression and value logging_ macros, with a “_-v_” suffix: `tracev!`,
+`debugv!`, and so forth for all levels. The _-v_ macros take a _single_
+expression argument, which is evaluated exactly once, regardless of if
+the logging level is enabled or not, and returned:
+
+```rust
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+let remaining = debugv!(deadline - Instant::now());
+//               ^-- debug log: deadline - Instant::now() → 950µs
+debugv!(remaining);
+// or            ^-- debug log: remaining → 950µs
+```
+
+The _default_ format string for the _-v_ macros is `"{} → {:?}"`,
+where the `stringify!`-ed expression and resulting value are passed,
+in that order.  Note that the `std::dbg!` macro currently uses `"{} =
+{:#?}"`—the value is "pretty-printed", potentially over multiple
+lines.  Given the line-orientation of logging output, the default
+format for the _-v_ macros avoids this.  Also we use U+2192 RIGHTWARDS
+ARROW (→) as a format separator, which is more easily distinguished
+from any commonly typed log message or rust expression. The log
+record can be customized via two optional parameters: a message prefix
+string, and a format specifier for the value. Note that the former is
+required, if passing the later:
+
+```rust
+let i = 32;
+
+infov!(i);
+infov!("", "{:?}", i);       // equivalent to above
+// ^------------------------ info log: i → 32
+infov!("index", i);          // contextual prefix specified
+infov!("index", "{}", i);    // use `Display` instead of `Debug`
+// ^------------------------ info log: index i → 32
+infov!("index", "{:#x}", i); // hexadecimal format value
+// ^------------------------ info log: index i → 0x20
+infov!("index", "{:#?}", i); // use pretty, multi-line format
+```
+
+For symmetry with the existing `log!` macro, a `logv!` is also
+included, which allows passing the `Level` as a parameter.
+
+Finally, like all the other public logging macros, the _-v_ macros
+allows overriding the default module-path target with a string
+literal:
+
+```rust
+let i = 33;
+let j = warnv!(target: "maths", (i-1) / 2);
+assert_eq!(j, 16);
+```
+
+See also the [implementation PR], which includes guide level
+documentation, in the form of rustdoc with doc-tests.
+
+# Expected Usage
+
+Like with `dbg!`, its appropriate to add, then shortly remove, uses of
+the _-v_ macros, or to iteratively replace _-v_ macros with the non-v
+macro's (low edit distance) for nicer formatting or more English
+context. The value of the feature does not hinge on the _-v_ macros
+being long lived in code.  The fact that _-v_ macros _could_ be long
+lived is just a bonus of inclusion in `log`.  Its also perfectly
+appropriate to use the _-v_ macros in statement position (including as
+per above design examples).
+
+With the feature in place, while developing and debugging code:
+
+1. Add `tracev!`, `debugv!`, and occasionally, `infov!` calls as
+   convenient for debugging and demonstrating correct behavior.
+
+2. When getting closer to release grade changes, refine your logging
+   by removing some _-v_ macro calls, and replacing some
+   with the existing message formatting macros in statement position,
+   making the messages more like English sentences.
+
+3. Check-in (`git commit`) code with `tracev!`, `debugv!` macro
+   calls in place. If those calls survived to this step, then they are
+   potentially useful in the future to you and other developers, just
+   like the current use of `trace` and `debug`.
+
+4. Iteratively repeat with step (1), possibly in parallel with other
+   developers.
+
+# Alternatives
+
+## Multiple expression support
+
+[RFC 2173] included multiple expression printing and return of values
+via tuple for `std::dbg!`, but was closed in preference to [RFC 2361] as
+merged and implemented.  RFC 2361 on this particular [design
+aspect][2361-single]:
+
+> If the macro accepts more than one expression (returning a tuple),
+> there is a question of what to do with a single
+> expression. Returning a one-value tuple `($expr,)` is probably
+> unexpected, but _not_ doing so creates a discontinuity in the macro's
+> behavior as things are added. With only one expression accepted,
+> users can still pass a tuple expression or call the macro multiple
+> times.
+
+In relation to the proposed design of this RFC, accepting multiple
+expressions would also be at odds with allowing an optional custom
+format string as a preceding parameter.  To support both would require
+an additional markers, e.g.
+`debugv!(prefix: "context", format: "{:x}", i, j)`, for further
+complication and bulk.
+
+As suggested in RFC 2361, explicitly passing a multiple expression
+tuple works when desired, and avoids complications to both the
+syntax and macro implementation:
+
+```rust
+let j = 19;
+let (q, r) = debugv!((j/4, j%4));
+\\           ^-- debug log message: (j / 4, j % 4) → (4, 3)
+let (q, r) = debugv!("quarter", (j/4, j%4));
+\\           ^-- debug log message: quarter (j / 4, j % 4) → (4, 3)
+assert_eq!(q, 4);
+assert_eq!(r, 3);
+```
+
+## DSL extension of existing log macros
+
+Instead of adding a new set of _-v_ macros, it would be possible to
+extend the existing logging macros by using some additional marker
+syntax, such as the following:
+
+```rust
+debug!(= n/2)
+trace!("index", =i);
+```
+
+Here the `=` signals that the expression should be `stringify!`-ed for
+the message and its value returned from the macro. This complicates
+the macro's, but more importantly, considerably complicates the
+necessary guide documentation for new and existing users to understand
+an evolving logging _DSL_ as new syntax.  This syntax isn't any more
+compact. Comprehension is aided when the macro arguments are as
+function-like as possible, with macros specific to the feature, as
+designed above.
+
+## Allow customizing the entire format
+
+Originally this RFC allowed customizing (and required, for any
+customization) the entire format string, in the form:
+
+``` rust
+tracev!("contextual prefix: {} = {:x}", i);
+```
+
+Since specifying a contextual prefix should be much more common then
+changing the value or expression format; in the interest of
+convenience, the design was changed to use two separate optional
+customization parameters, for the prefix and value format.
+
+## Release this as a separate crate, not in `log`
+
+The proposed additional logging macros play the same role as, for
+example, the existing `debug!` macro in `log`, which is just more
+convenient than using `log!(Level::Debug, …)` with an extra import.
+
+Ease of use was also an important part of the design and decision to
+add `dbg!` to rust `std` and the prelude.
+
+While the proposed additions would still require import for the
+macro(s), at least in 2018 edition projects, adding this feature to
+`log` avoids:
+
+* Needing to _discover_, add, and maintain an additional library
+  dependency. Discovery may be the biggest issue, and the inclusion of
+  `dbg!` in `std` and the prelude raises a high bar. This could be
+  partially mitigated by documented such an extension crate in the log
+  README and/or top-level library rustdoc.
+
+* The community effort to maintain such a separate library with
+  compatibility to the `log` crate, as it evolves.  For example, the
+  _-v_ macros will likely need to be adapted, when structured logging
+  is implemented ([log RFC 296]).
+
+The [implementation PR] (as of this writing) adds just 86 lines of
+non-test code, all of which is `macro_rules!`.
+
+# Unresolved Questions
+
+None.
+
+[RFC 2173]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2173
+[RFC 2361]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2361
+[log RFC 296]: https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/log/pull/296
+[implementation PR]: https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/log/pull/316
+[2361-single]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2361-dbg-macro.md#accepting-a-single-expression-instead-of-many