fix(subscriber): use monotonic Instants for all timestamps

## Motivation

Currently, the `console-subscriber` crate records all timestamps as
`SystemTime`s. This is because they are eventually sent over the wire as
protobuf `Timestamp`s, which can be constructed from a `SystemTime`.
They cannot be constructed from `Instant`s, because `Instant` is opaque,
and does not expose access to the underlying OS time.

However, using `SystemTime` is not really correct for our use case. We
only use timestamps for calculating durations; we only have to serialize
them because some durations are calculated in the console UI rather than
in-process. We *don't* need timestamps that are globally consistent with
a shared timebase, but we *do* need monotonicity --- using `SystemTime`
leaves us vulnerable to clock skew, if (for example), an NTP clock skew
adjustment causes the system clock to run backwards far enough that a
poll appears to end "before" it started (as in issue #286). If we were
using monotonic `Instant`s, all polls should always have positive
durations, but with `SystemTime`s, this isn't necessarily the case.

Furthermore, `Instant::now()` may have less performance overhead than
`SystemTime::now()`, at least on some platforms.

## Solution

This branch changes `console-subscriber` to always take timestamps using
`Instant::now()` rather than using `SystemTime::now()`, and store all
timestamps as `Instant`s. In order to convert these `Instant`s into
`SystemTime`s that can be sent over the wire, we construct a reference
`TimeAnchor`, consisting of a paired `Instant` and `SystemTime` recorded
at the same time when the `ConsoleLayer` is constructed. We can then
construct "system times" that are monotonic, by calculating the duration
between a given `Instant` and the anchor `Instant`, and adding that
duration to the anchor `SystemTime`. These are not *real* system
timestamps, as they will never run backwards if the system clock is
adjusted; they are relative only to the base process start time as
recorded by the anchor. However, they *are* monotonic, and all durations
calculated from them will be reasonable.

This is part of the change I proposed in #254. I'm not going to close
that issue yet, though, as it also described potentially switching to
use the `quanta` crate rather than `std::time::Instant` to reduce the
overhead of recording monotonic timestamps.

Fixes #286

console-subscriber/Cargo.toml

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ hdrhistogram = { version = "7.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["seria
 # feature to also enable `tracing-subscriber`'s parking_lot feature flag.
 parking_lot_crate = { package = "parking_lot", version = "0.11", optional = true }
 humantime = "2.1.0"
+prost-types = "0.9.0"
 
 # Required for recording:
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }

console-subscriber/src/aggregator/id_data.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::{shrink::ShrinkMap, Id, ToProto};
-use crate::stats::{DroppedAt, Unsent};
+use crate::stats::{DroppedAt, TimeAnchor, Unsent};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 pub(crate) struct IdData<T> {
     data: ShrinkMap<Id, T>,
@@ -45,26 +45,30 @@ impl<T: Unsent> IdData<T> {
         self.data.get(id)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn as_proto(&mut self, include: Include) -> HashMap<u64, T::Output>
+    pub(crate) fn as_proto(
+        &mut self,
+        include: Include,
+        base_time: &TimeAnchor,
+    ) -> HashMap<u64, T::Output>
     where
         T: ToProto,
     {
         match include {
             Include::UpdatedOnly => self
                 .since_last_update()
-                .map(|(id, d)| (id.into_u64(), d.to_proto()))
+                .map(|(id, d)| (id.into_u64(), d.to_proto(&base_time)))
                 .collect(),
             Include::All => self
                 .all()
-                .map(|(id, d)| (id.into_u64(), d.to_proto()))
+                .map(|(id, d)| (id.into_u64(), d.to_proto(&base_time)))
                 .collect(),
         }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn drop_closed<R: DroppedAt + Unsent>(
         &mut self,
         stats: &mut IdData<R>,
-        now: SystemTime,
+        now: Instant,
         retention: Duration,
         has_watchers: bool,
     ) {
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ impl<T: Unsent> IdData<T> {
 
         stats.data.retain_and_shrink(|id, stats| {
             if let Some(dropped_at) = stats.dropped_at() {
-                let dropped_for = now.duration_since(dropped_at).unwrap_or_default();
+                let dropped_for = now.checked_duration_since(dropped_at).unwrap_or_default();
                 let dirty = stats.is_unsent();
                 let should_drop =
                         // if there are any clients watching, retain all dirty tasks regardless of age

console-subscriber/src/aggregator/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::{
         atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering::*},
         Arc,
     },
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
+    time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime},
 };
 use tracing_core::{span::Id, Metadata};
 
@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ pub(crate) struct Aggregator {
 
     /// The time "state" of the aggregator, such as paused or live.
     temporality: Temporality,
+
+    /// Used to anchor monotonic timestamps to a base `SystemTime`, to produce a
+    /// timestamp that can be sent over the wire.
+    base_time: stats::TimeAnchor,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ impl Aggregator {
         rpcs: mpsc::Receiver<Command>,
         builder: &crate::Builder,
         shared: Arc<crate::Shared>,
+        base_time: stats::TimeAnchor,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             shared,
@@ -155,6 +160,7 @@ impl Aggregator {
             all_poll_ops: Default::default(),
             new_poll_ops: Default::default(),
             temporality: Temporality::Live,
+            base_time,
         }
     }
 
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@ impl Aggregator {
     fn cleanup_closed(&mut self) {
         // drop all closed have that has completed *and* whose final data has already
         // been sent off.
-        let now = SystemTime::now();
+        let now = Instant::now();
         let has_watchers = !self.watchers.is_empty();
         self.tasks
             .drop_closed(&mut self.task_stats, now, self.retention, has_watchers);
@@ -254,38 +260,38 @@ impl Aggregator {
     /// Add the task subscription to the watchers after sending the first update
     fn add_instrument_subscription(&mut self, subscription: Watch<proto::instrument::Update>) {
         tracing::debug!("new instrument subscription");
-        let now = SystemTime::now();
+        let now = Instant::now();
         // Send the initial state --- if this fails, the subscription is already dead
         let update = &proto::instrument::Update {
             task_update: Some(proto::tasks::TaskUpdate {
                 new_tasks: self
                     .tasks
                     .all()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.task_stats.as_proto(Include::All),
+                stats_update: self.task_stats.as_proto(Include::All, &self.base_time),
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_tasks.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
             }),
             resource_update: Some(proto::resources::ResourceUpdate {
                 new_resources: self
                     .resources
                     .all()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.resource_stats.as_proto(Include::All),
+                stats_update: self.resource_stats.as_proto(Include::All, &self.base_time),
                 new_poll_ops: (*self.all_poll_ops).clone(),
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_resources.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
             }),
             async_op_update: Some(proto::async_ops::AsyncOpUpdate {
                 new_async_ops: self
                     .async_ops
                     .all()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.async_op_stats.as_proto(Include::All),
+                stats_update: self.async_op_stats.as_proto(Include::All, &self.base_time),
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_async_ops.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
             }),
-            now: Some(now.into()),
+            now: Some(self.base_time.to_timestamp(now)),
             new_metadata: Some(proto::RegisterMetadata {
                 metadata: (*self.all_metadata).clone(),
             }),
@@ -345,27 +351,31 @@ impl Aggregator {
 
         let new_poll_ops = std::mem::take(&mut self.new_poll_ops);
 
-        let now = SystemTime::now();
+        let now = self.base_time.to_timestamp(Instant::now());
         let update = proto::instrument::Update {
-            now: Some(now.into()),
+            now: Some(now.clone()),
             new_metadata,
             task_update: Some(proto::tasks::TaskUpdate {
                 new_tasks: self
                     .tasks
                     .since_last_update()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.task_stats.as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly),
+                stats_update: self
+                    .task_stats
+                    .as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly, &self.base_time),
 
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_tasks.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
             }),
             resource_update: Some(proto::resources::ResourceUpdate {
                 new_resources: self
                     .resources
                     .since_last_update()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.resource_stats.as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly),
+                stats_update: self
+                    .resource_stats
+                    .as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly, &self.base_time),
                 new_poll_ops,
 
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_resources.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
@@ -374,9 +384,11 @@ impl Aggregator {
                 new_async_ops: self
                     .async_ops
                     .since_last_update()
-                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto())
+                    .map(|(_, value)| value.to_proto(&self.base_time))
                     .collect(),
-                stats_update: self.async_op_stats.as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly),
+                stats_update: self
+                    .async_op_stats
+                    .as_proto(Include::UpdatedOnly, &self.base_time),
 
                 dropped_events: self.shared.dropped_async_ops.swap(0, AcqRel) as u64,
             }),
@@ -392,7 +404,7 @@ impl Aggregator {
             if let Some(task_stats) = stats.get(id) {
                 let details = proto::tasks::TaskDetails {
                     task_id: Some(id.clone().into()),
-                    now: Some(now.into()),
+                    now: Some(now.clone()),
                     poll_times_histogram: task_stats.serialize_histogram(),
                 };
                 watchers.retain(|watch| watch.update(&details));
@@ -545,7 +557,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Watch<T> {
 impl ToProto for Task {
     type Output = proto::tasks::Task;
 
-    fn to_proto(&self) -> Self::Output {
+    fn to_proto(&self, _: &stats::TimeAnchor) -> Self::Output {
         proto::tasks::Task {
             id: Some(self.id.clone().into()),
             // TODO: more kinds of tasks...
@@ -571,7 +583,7 @@ impl Unsent for Task {
 impl ToProto for Resource {
     type Output = proto::resources::Resource;
 
-    fn to_proto(&self) -> Self::Output {
+    fn to_proto(&self, _: &stats::TimeAnchor) -> Self::Output {
         proto::resources::Resource {
             id: Some(self.id.clone().into()),
             parent_resource_id: self.parent_id.clone().map(Into::into),
@@ -597,7 +609,7 @@ impl Unsent for Resource {
 impl ToProto for AsyncOp {
     type Output = proto::async_ops::AsyncOp;
 
-    fn to_proto(&self) -> Self::Output {
+    fn to_proto(&self, _: &stats::TimeAnchor) -> Self::Output {
         proto::async_ops::AsyncOp {
             id: Some(self.id.clone().into()),
             metadata: Some(self.metadata.into()),