Use timezone aware datetimes

AUTHORING_GUIDE.md

@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ and 10`.
 
 Always create timezone aware datetime objects. For libraries that use protobuf,
 omitting the timezone may lead to unexpected behavior when the datetime
-is converted to a protobuf tiemstamp.
+is converted to a protobuf timestamp.
 
 ```py
 import datetime

appengine/flexible/datastore/main.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def index():
     entity = datastore.Entity(key=ds.key('visit'))
     entity.update({
         'user_ip': user_ip,
-        'timestamp': datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+        'timestamp': datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     })
 
     ds.put(entity)

appengine/flexible/tasks/create_app_engine_queue_task.py

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def create_task(project, queue, location, payload=None, in_seconds=None):
 
     if in_seconds is not None:
         # Convert "seconds from now" into an rfc3339 datetime string.
-        d = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=in_seconds)
+        d = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) + datetime.timedelta(seconds=in_seconds)
 
         # Create Timestamp protobuf.
         timestamp = timestamp_pb2.Timestamp()

appengine/standard/mail/user_signup.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def get(self):
         if code:
             record = ndb.Key(UserConfirmationRecord, code).get()
             # 2-hour time limit on confirming.
-            if record and (datetime.datetime.now() - record.timestamp <
+            if record and (datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) - record.timestamp <
                            datetime.timedelta(hours=2)):
                 record.confirmed = True
                 record.put()

appengine/standard_python3/building-an-app/building-an-app-2/main.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def fetch_times(limit):
 @app.route('/')
 def root():
     # Store the current access time in Datastore.
-    store_time(datetime.datetime.now())
+    store_time(datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc))
 
     # Fetch the most recent 10 access times from Datastore.
     times = fetch_times(10)

appengine/standard_python3/building-an-app/building-an-app-3/main.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def root():
         # Record and fetch the recent times a logged-in user has accessed
         # the site. This is currently shared amongst all users, but will be
         # individualized in a following step.
-        store_time(datetime.datetime.now())
+        store_time(datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc))
         times = fetch_times(10)
 
     return render_template(

appengine/standard_python3/building-an-app/building-an-app-4/main.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def root():
             claims = google.oauth2.id_token.verify_firebase_token(
                 id_token, firebase_request_adapter)
 
-            store_time(claims['email'], datetime.datetime.now())
+            store_time(claims['email'], datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc))
             times = fetch_times(claims['email'], 10)
 
         except ValueError as exc:

appengine/standard_python3/pubsub/main_test.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def signer():
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def fake_token(signer):
-    now = calendar.timegm(datetime.datetime.utcnow().utctimetuple())
+    now = calendar.timegm(datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc).utctimetuple())
     payload = {
         'aud': 'example.com',
         'azp': '1234567890',

blog/introduction_to_data_models_in_cloud_datastore/blog.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def create_user(ds, username, profile):
 
 
 def create_post(ds, username, post_content):
-    now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    now = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     key = path_to_key(ds, '{0}.user/{1}.post'.format(username, now))
     entity = datastore.Entity(key)
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def create_post(ds, username, post_content):
 
 
 def repost(ds, username, original):
-    now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    now = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     new_key = path_to_key(ds, '{0}.user/{1}.post'.format(username, now))
     new = datastore.Entity(new_key)
 

blog/introduction_to_data_models_in_cloud_datastore/wiki.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def path_to_key(datastore, path):
 
 def save_page(ds, page, content):
     with ds.transaction():
-        now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+        now = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
         current_key = path_to_key(ds, '{}.page/current.revision'.format(page))
         revision_key = path_to_key(ds, '{}.page/{}.revision'.format(page, now))
 

cloud-sql/mysql/client-side-encryption/snippets/encrypt_and_insert_data.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def encrypt_and_insert_data(
     team: str,
     email: str,
 ) -> None:
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
     # associated data. Encryption with associated data ensures authenticity
     # (who the sender is) and integrity (the data has not been tampered with) of that

cloud-sql/mysql/sqlalchemy/main.py

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def get_index_context():
 def save_vote():
     # Get the team and time the vote was cast.
     team = request.form["team"]
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Verify that the team is one of the allowed options
     if team != "TABS" and team != "SPACES":
         logger.warning(team)

cloud-sql/postgres/client-side-encryption/snippets/encrypt_and_insert_data.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def encrypt_and_insert_data(
     team: str,
     email: str,
 ) -> None:
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
     # associated data. Encryption with associated data ensures authenticity
     # (who the sender is) and integrity (the data has not been tampered with) of that

cloud-sql/postgres/sqlalchemy/main.py

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def get_index_context():
 def save_vote():
     # Get the team and time the vote was cast.
     team = request.form['team']
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Verify that the team is one of the allowed options
     if team != "TABS" and team != "SPACES":
         logger.warning(team)

cloud-sql/sql-server/client-side-encryption/snippets/encrypt_and_insert_data.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def encrypt_and_insert_data(
     team: str,
     email: str,
 ) -> None:
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Use the envelope AEAD primitive to encrypt the email, using the team name as
     # associated data. Encryption with associated data ensures authenticity
     # (who the sender is) and integrity (the data has not been tampered with) of that

cloud-sql/sql-server/sqlalchemy/main.py

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def get_index_context():
 def save_vote():
     # Get the team and time the vote was cast.
     team = request.form["team"]
-    time_cast = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    time_cast = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     # Verify that the team is one of the allowed options
     if team != "TABS" and team != "SPACES":
         logger.warning(team)

composer/airflow_1_samples/bq_copy_across_locations.py

@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@
 # Set default arguments
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_args = {

composer/airflow_1_samples/hadoop_tutorial.py

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@
 from airflow.utils import trigger_rule
 
 # Output file for Cloud Dataproc job.
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 output_file = os.path.join(
     models.Variable.get('gcs_bucket'), 'wordcount',
     datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')) + os.sep

composer/airflow_1_samples/kubernetes_pod_operator.py

@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@
     key='service-account.json')
 # [END composer_kubernetespodoperator_secretobject_airflow_1]
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 YESTERDAY = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 # If a Pod fails to launch, or has an error occur in the container, Airflow

composer/airflow_1_samples/quickstart.py

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 import airflow
 from airflow.operators import bash_operator
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 YESTERDAY = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_args = {

composer/airflow_1_samples/unit_testing_cycle.py

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 from airflow import models
 from airflow.operators import dummy_operator
 
-
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_dag_args = {

composer/airflow_1_samples/unit_testing_variables.py

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 from airflow.operators import bash_operator
 from airflow.operators import dummy_operator
 
-
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_dag_args = {

composer/workflows/bq_copy_across_locations.py

@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@
 # Set default arguments
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_args = {

composer/workflows/hadoop_tutorial.py

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@
 from airflow.utils import trigger_rule
 
 # Output file for Cloud Dataproc job.
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 output_file = os.path.join(
     models.Variable.get('gcs_bucket'), 'wordcount',
     datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d-%H%M%S')) + os.sep

composer/workflows/kubernetes_pod_operator.py

@@ -49,6 +49,9 @@
     key='service-account.json')
 # [END composer_kubernetespodoperator_secretobject]
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 YESTERDAY = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 # If a Pod fails to launch, or has an error occur in the container, Airflow

composer/workflows/quickstart.py

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 import airflow
 from airflow.operators import bash
 
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 YESTERDAY = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_args = {

composer/workflows/unit_testing_cycle.py

@@ -12,14 +12,16 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-"""An example DAG demonstrating a cyle in the task IDs."""
+"""An example DAG demonstrating a cycle in the task IDs."""
 
 import datetime
 
 from airflow import models
 from airflow.operators import dummy
 
-
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_dag_args = {

composer/workflows/unit_testing_variables.py

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 from airflow.operators import bash
 from airflow.operators import dummy
 
-
+# If you are running Airflow in more than one time zone
+# see https://airflow.apache.org/docs/apache-airflow/stable/timezone.html
+# for best practices
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
 
 default_dag_args = {

datastore/cloud-client/snippets.py

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ def properties(client):
         {
             "category": "Personal",
             "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
-            "created": datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
+            "created": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
             "done": False,
             "priority": 4,
             "percent_complete": 10.5,
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ def key_filter(client):
 def ascending_sort(client):
     # Create the entity that we're going to query.
     task = upsert(client)
-    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     client.put(task)
 
     # [START datastore_ascending_sort]
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ def ascending_sort(client):
 def descending_sort(client):
     # Create the entity that we're going to query.
     task = upsert(client)
-    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     client.put(task)
 
     # [START datastore_descending_sort]
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ def descending_sort(client):
 def multi_sort(client):
     # Create the entity that we're going to query.
     task = upsert(client)
-    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
     client.put(task)
 
     # [START datastore_multi_sort]
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ def exploding_properties(client):
         {
             "tags": ["fun", "programming", "learn"],
             "collaborators": ["alice", "bob", "charlie"],
-            "created": datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
+            "created": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
         }
     )
     # [END datastore_exploding_properties]
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ def transfer_funds(client, from_key, to_key, amount):
 def transactional_get_or_create(client):
     # [START datastore_transactional_get_or_create]
     with client.transaction():
-        key = client.key("Task", datetime.datetime.utcnow().isoformat())
+        key = client.key("Task", datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat())
 
         task = client.get(key)
 

datastore/cloud-client/tasks.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def add_task(client: datastore.Client, description: str):
     # Apply new field values and save the Task entity to Datastore
     task.update(
         {
-            "created": datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
+            "created": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
             "description": description,
             "done": False,
         }

firestore/cloud-async-client/snippets.py

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ async def add_data_types():
         "stringExample": "Hello, World!",
         "booleanExample": True,
         "numberExample": 3.14159265,
-        "dateExample": datetime.datetime.now(),
+        "dateExample": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
         "arrayExample": [5, True, "hello"],
         "nullExample": None,
         "objectExample": {"a": 5, "b": True},

firestore/cloud-client/snippets.py

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def add_data_types():
         u'stringExample': u'Hello, World!',
         u'booleanExample': True,
         u'numberExample': 3.14159265,
-        u'dateExample': datetime.datetime.now(),
+        u'dateExample': datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
         u'arrayExample': [5, True, u'hello'],
         u'nullExample': None,
         u'objectExample': {

functions/helloworld/sample_storage_test_integration.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def test_print_name():
     filename = str(uuid.uuid4())
     port = 8089  # Each running framework instance needs a unique port
 
-    example_timestamp = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
+    example_timestamp = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
     storage_message = {
         'data': {
             'name': filename,

iot/api-client/codelabs/gateway.py

@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ def create_jwt(project_id, private_key_file, algorithm, jwt_expires_minutes):
 
     token = {
         # The time that the token was issued at
-        'iat': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
+        'iat': datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
         # The time the token expires.
         'exp': (
-            datetime.datetime.utcnow() +
+            datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) +
             datetime.timedelta(minutes=jwt_expires_minutes)),
         # The audience field should always be set to the GCP project id.
         'aud': project_id

iot/api-client/end_to_end_example/cloudiot_pubsub_example_mqtt_device.py

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@
 def create_jwt(project_id, private_key_file, algorithm):
     """Create a JWT (https://jwt.io) to establish an MQTT connection."""
     token = {
-        'iat': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
-        'exp': datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=60),
+        'iat': datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
+        'exp': datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) + datetime.timedelta(minutes=60),
         'aud': project_id
     }
     with open(private_key_file, 'r') as f: