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Universal Dependencies - English Dependency Treebank Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank v2.15 -- 2024-11-15 https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English-EWT

Summary

A Gold Standard Universal Dependencies Corpus for English, built over the source material of the English Web Treebank LDC2012T13 (https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2012T13).

Introduction

The corpus comprises 254,820 words and 16,622 sentences, taken from five genres of web media: weblogs, newsgroups, emails, reviews, and Yahoo! answers. See the LDC2012T13 documentation for more details on the sources of the sentences. The trees were automatically converted into Stanford Dependencies and then hand-corrected to Universal Dependencies. All the basic dependency annotations have been single-annotated, a limited portion of them have been double-annotated, and subsequent correction has been done to improve consistency. Other aspects of the treebank, such as Universal POS, features and enhanced dependencies, has mainly been done automatically, with very limited hand-correction.

License/Copyright

Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank annotations © 2013-2021 by The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

The annotations and database rights of the Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

You should have received a copy of the license along with this work. If not, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

The underlying texts come from various sources collected for the LDC English Web Treebank. Some parts are in the public domain. Portions may be © 2012 Google Inc., © 2011 Yahoo! Inc., © 2012 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and/or © other original authors.

Structure

This directory contains a corpus of sentences annotated using Universal Dependencies annotation. The corpus comprises 254,820 words and 16,622 sentences, taken from various web media including weblogs, newsgroups, emails, reviews, and Yahoo! answers; see the LDC2012T13 documentation for more details on the source of the sentences. The trees were automatically converted into Stanford Dependencies and then hand-corrected to Universal Dependencies. All the dependency annotations have been single-annotated, and a limited portion of them have been double-annotated with interannotator agreement at approximately 96%. The sentence IDs include the genre and the filename of the original LDC2012T13 filename.

This corpus is compatible with the CoNLL-U format defined for Universal Dependencies. See:

https://universaldependencies.org/format.html

The dependency taxonomy can be found on the Universal Dependencies web site:

http://www.universaldependencies.org

For the conversion to v2, we performed an automatic conversion with extensive spot-checking, and manual adjudication of ambiguous cases.

Most enhanced dependencies were automatically obtained by running an adapted version of the converter by Schuster and Manning (2016). These dependencies have not been manually checked. Enhanced dependencies for reduced relative clauses were added in v2.14.

Known Issues

The issue tracker at https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English-EWT/issues documents many yet-to-be-resolved analysis challenges. Significant among these:

  • Dates are not annotated consistently.
  • Many free relatives are incorrectly analyzed as interrogative.

Changelog

2024-11-15 v2.15

Highlights:

  • Merge subtypes nmod:{npmod,tmod} as nmod:unmarked and obl:{npmod,tmod} as obl:unmarked (docs#1028)
    • :unmarked indicates a modifier that is structured as an NP without case marking
    • Retain temporal semantics with new custom MISC feature TemporalNPAdjunct=Yes
  • Many foreign names that were compound corrected to flat (#81)
  • Fix a number of cases of spurious nonprojectivity (#545, #548)
  • Construction annotations in the UCxn framework added to MISC (#551)
    • This release adds rule-based annotations of Interrogatives, Conditionals, Existentials, and NPN (noun-preposition-noun) constructions on the head of the respective phrase, plus construction elements.
    • The UCxn v1 notation and categories are documented here.
    • Special thanks: @LeonieWeissweiler, @WesScivetti, @s-herrera
  • Features
    • Implement ExtPos for all fixed expressions (docs#1037)
    • Implement Polarity=Neg for not/PART, neither/CCONJ, nor/CCONJ, no/INTJ and Polarity=Pos for yes/INTJ (#526, docs#1056)
    • Implement PronType for none/PRON and ADVs "now", "never", "somewhere", "whenever", and similar
    • NumForm and NumType for decades expressed as pluralized years (#527)
    • Correct overuses of VerbForm=Inf (#284)
    • Improve feature consistency for ADJs
    • Add custom MISC features FlatType=Filename and FlatType=Phone (and assign these ExtPos=PROPN)

2024-05-15 v2.14

Highlights:

  • Relative clauses
    • ~700 enhanced edges added for reduced relative clauses (#392) (thanks @xiulinyang!)
    • relative clause types added in Cxn attribute of MISC (#474)
      • e.g. Cxn=rc-wh-nsubj:pass (passive subject WH), Cxn=rc-red-obj (reduced object), Cxn=rc-red-obl-pstrand (reduced oblique with preposition stranding), Cxn=rc-free-obj_xcomp (free relative, object nested under xcomp)
      • produced by not-to-release/tools/rc-types.sh - see the code for documentation
      • cf. the UCxn project (a larger effort which proposed construction annotation in UD, though this use of it for relative clauses is EWT-specific at present)
  • Attach list item enumerators (LS) as discourse (#518)
  • Verb tags/features
    • clean up errors
    • VBG: new rules to distinguish VerbForm=Ger vs. Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part (#305)
    • implement subjunctive "were" (#511)
  • Noun features: implement Number=Ptan for pluralia tantum (docs#999)
  • Improved treatment of internet addresses (#440, #487)
  • Multiword expressions
    • goeswith for spaced email addresses
    • flat for spaced telephone numbers

2023-11-15 v2.13

Highlights:

  • Structural
  • Features
    • Flesh out features on DETs (#416)
    • Make features on numbers more uniform and consistent with other treebanks (flagged by @rhdunn: #451, #458, #464, #465)
    • Ensure verb features are complete and consistent with tags
  • Use AUX (not VERB) for "have" and "do" when stranded due to ellipsis (#403)
  • Mark verbal contractions missing apostrophes as typos (flagged by @rhdunn: #443)
  • Extensive cleanup of/based on UPOS

2023-05-15 v2.12

Highlights:

  • Implement new policy on sole iobj (#55)
  • Cleanup of free relatives (part of #278)
  • Make use of xcomp more consistent
  • For "etc.", change Number=Sing to Number=Plur

2022-11-15 v2.11

Highlights:

  • Implement :outer per multiple subjects policy (#310)
  • Implement advcl:relcl (#346)
  • Implement revised guidelines for English pronouns (lemmas, features) (issue)
  • Revise WH-adverbs to attach in a subordinate clause as advmod not mark (#88)
  • Improved lemmas/features for numeric values/entities
  • Tag "etc." as NOUN (#353)
  • Add neaten.py, which implements English-specific validation rules

2022-05-15 v2.10

Highlights:

2021-11-15 v2.9

  • Fixed all validation errors
  • Many other improvements to annotation of assorted words and constructions

2021-05-15 v2.8

  • Fixed many wrong lemmata, POS tags, and relations
  • Reanalyzed many dependencies to conform to UD validation
  • Retagged words in names to limit PROPN to true nouns
  • Fixed certain metadata issues
  • Fixed some typos, added CorrectForms
  • Added missing multiword tokens for clitics/contractions
  • Added Style=Expr feature for expressive spellings
  • Fixed many incorrectly non-projective graphs, reanalyzing as projective
  • Reannotated list items as NUM not X

2020-11-15 v2.7

  • Added multiword tokens where appropriate for contracted verb forms
  • Fixed some wrong lemmata and POS tags

2020-05-15 v2.6

  • Added paragraph boundaries
  • Fixed some wrong lemmata and POS tags
  • Fixed directionality of some goeswith dependencies

2019-11-15 v2.5

  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues
  • Fixed CoNLL-U syntax error

2019-05-15 v2.4

  • Fixed some wrong lemmata and POS tags
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues
  • Fixed some punctuation attachments
  • Fixed malformed enhanced graphs

2018-11-15 v2.3

  • Fixed several lemmata

2018-04-15 v2.2

  • Repository renamed from UD_English to UD_English-EWT
  • Automatically added enhanced dependencies (These have not been manually checked!)
  • Fixed some wrong lemmata and POS tags
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues

2017-11-15 v2.1

  • Fixed some wrong lemmata, POS tags
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues
  • Added basic dependencies into the DEPS column according to the CONLL-U v2 format

2017-02-15 v2.0

  • Updated treebank to conform to v2 guidelines
  • Fixed some wrong lemmata
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues
  • Added empty nodes for gapped constructions in enhanced representation

2016-11-15 v1.4

  • Changed POS tag of fused det-noun pronouns (e.g., "somebody", "nothing") to PRON
  • Added original, untokenized sentences to CoNLL-U files
  • Fixed some POS errors, features and wrong lemmata
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues in a few sentences

2016-05-15 v1.3

  • Improved mapping of WDT to UPOS
  • Corrected lemma of "n't" to "not"
  • Fixed some errors between advcl, ccomp and parataxis
  • Fixed inconsistent analyses of sentences repeated between dev and train sets
  • Fixed miscellaneous syntactic issues in a few sentences

2015-11-15 v1.2

  • Bugfix: removed _NFP suffix from some lemmas
  • Fixed date annotations to adopt UD standard
  • Remove escaping of ( and ) from word tokens (XPOSTAGs are still -LRB- and -RRB-)
  • Improved precision of xcomp relation
  • Improved recall of name relation
  • Corrected lemmas for reduced auxiliaries
  • Corrected UPOS tags of pronominal uses of this/that/these/those (from DET to PRON)
  • Corrected UPOS tags of subordinating conjunctions (from ADP to SCONJ)
  • Corrected UPOS tags of some main verbs (from AUX to VERB)

Contributing

To help improve the corpus, please alert us to any errors you find in it. The best way to do this is to file a github issue at:

https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English-EWT/issues

We also welcome pull requests. If you want to make edits, please modify the trees in the individual files in the not-to-release/sources directory instead of making direct changes to en_ewt-ud-{dev,test,train}.conllu.

Acknowledgments

Annotation of the Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank was carried out by (in order of size of contribution):

  • Natalia Silveira
  • Timothy Dozat
  • Sebastian Schuster
  • Miriam Connor
  • Marie-Catherine de Marneffe
  • Nathan Schneider
  • Ethan Chi
  • Samuel Bowman
  • Christopher Manning
  • Hanzhi Zhu
  • Daniel Galbraith
  • John Bauer

Creation of the CoNLL-U files, including calculating UPOS, feature, and lemma information was primarily done by

  • Sebastian Schuster
  • Natalia Silveira

The construction of the Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank was partially funded by a gift from Google, Inc., which we gratefully acknowledge.

Citations

You are encouraged to cite this paper if you use the Universal Dependencies English Web Treebank:

@inproceedings{silveira14gold,
  year = {2014},
  author = {Natalia Silveira and Timothy Dozat and Marie-Catherine de
	  Marneffe and Samuel Bowman and Miriam Connor and John Bauer and
	  Christopher D. Manning},
  title = {A Gold Standard Dependency Corpus for {E}nglish},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language
    Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2014)}
}

Metadata

=== Machine-readable metadata (DO NOT REMOVE!) ================================
Data available since: UD v1.0
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Includes text: yes
Genre: blog social reviews email web
Lemmas: automatic with corrections
UPOS: converted with corrections
XPOS: manual native
Features: converted with corrections
Relations: manual native
Contributors: Silveira, Natalia; Dozat, Timothy; Manning, Christopher; Schuster, Sebastian; Chi, Ethan; Bauer, John; Connor, Miriam; de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine; Schneider, Nathan; Bowman, Sam; Zhu, Hanzhi; Galbraith, Daniel; Bauer, John
Contributing: here source
Contact: [email protected]
===============================================================================