Add all concepts and fix CI (#199)

Add all concepts and fix CI

concepts/abstract-types/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "blurb": "TODO: add blurb for abstract types concept",
-  "authors": [],
+  "blurb": "Abstract types are types that change on run-time.",
+  "authors": ["midyHamdoun"],
   "contributors": []
 }

concepts/abstract-types/about.md

@@ -1 +1,33 @@
-TODO about: abstract-types
+# About
+
+In Haxe, an abstract type is a type which is a different type at run-time. It is a compile-time feature which defines types "over" concrete types in order to modify or augment their behavior:
+
+```haxe
+abstract AbstractInt(Int) {
+    inline public function new(i:Int) {
+        this = i;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Here we are declaring the `AbstractInt` type using the `abstract` keyword. Its syntax is very similar that of `class`. And just like classes, abstarct types can have methods. They can also be instantiated and used just like classes:
+
+```haxe
+class Main {
+    static public function main() {
+        var a = new AbstractInt(12);
+        trace(a); // 12
+    }
+}
+```
+
+As mentioned above, abstracts are a compile-time feature. Compiling the above example to JavaScript gives the following:
+
+```javascript
+var a = 12;
+console.log(a)
+```
+
+The abstract type `AbstractInt` completely disappears from the output. That's because the constructor of `Abstract` is [inlined][inline], which we'll see later.
+
+[inline]: https://haxe.org/manual/class-field-inline.html

concepts/abstract-types/introduction.md

@@ -1 +1,22 @@
-TODO introduction: abstract-types
+# Introduction
+
+In Haxe, an abstract type is a type which is a different type at run-time. It is a compile-time feature which defines types "over" concrete types in order to modify or augment their behavior:
+
+```haxe
+abstract AbstractInt(Int) {
+    inline public function new(i:Int) {
+        this = i;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Here we are declaring the `AbstractInt` type using the `abstract` keyword. Its syntax is very similar that of `class`. And just like classes, abstarct types can have methods. They can also be instantiated and used just like classes:
+
+```haxe
+class Main {
+    static public function main() {
+        var a = new AbstractInt(12);
+        trace(a); // 12
+    }
+}
+```

concepts/abstract-types/links.json

@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 [
+  {
+    "url": "https://haxe.org/manual/types-abstract.html",
+    "description": "Haxe: Abstract types"
+  }
 ]

concepts/array-comprehension/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "blurb": "TODO: add blurb for array comprehension concept",
-  "authors": [],
+  "blurb": "Array comprehension in Haxe is the combination of array decelartions and loops.",
+  "authors": ["midyHamdoun"],
   "contributors": []
 }

concepts/array-comprehension/about.md

@@ -1 +1,42 @@
-TODO about: array-comprehension
+# About
+
+Array comprehension in Haxe combines array decelartion and loops to allow array initialization. The keywords `for` and `while` are used:
+
+```haxe
+function main() {
+    var a = [for (i in 0...10) i];
+    trace(a); // [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+
+    var i = 0;
+    var b = [while(i < 10) i++];
+    trace(b); // [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+}
+```
+
+The compiler generates code required to fulfill the array comprehension. So for the above example, the `a` variable is done like this:
+
+```haxe
+var a = [];
+for (i in 0...10) a.push(i);
+```
+
+And for the `b` variable:
+
+```haxe
+var i = 0;
+var b = [];
+while (i < 10) b.push(i++); 
+```
+
+The loop expression can be anything, including conditions and nested loops, so the following works as expected:
+
+```haxe
+function main() {
+    var a = [
+        for (i in 0...10) 
+            for (j in 2...4)
+                i + "." + j
+    ];
+    trace(a); // [2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7]
+}
+```

concepts/array-comprehension/introduction.md

@@ -1 +1,27 @@
-TODO introduction: array-comprehension
+# Introduction
+
+Array comprehension in Haxe combines array decelartion and loops to allow array initialization. The keywords `for` and `while` are used:
+
+```haxe
+function main() {
+    var a = [for (i in 0...10) i];
+    trace(a); // [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+
+    var i = 0;
+    var b = [while(i < 10) i++];
+    trace(b); // [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
+}
+```
+
+The loop expression can be anything, including conditions and nested loops, so the following works as expected:
+
+```haxe
+function main() {
+    var a = [
+        for (i in 0...10) 
+            for (j in 2...4)
+                i + "." + j
+    ];
+    trace(a); // [2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7]
+}
+```

concepts/array-comprehension/links.json

@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 [
+  {
+    "url": "https://haxe.org/manual/lf-array-comprehension.html",
+    "description": "Haxe: Array comprehension"
+  }
 ]

concepts/arrays/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "blurb": "TODO: add blurb for arrays concept",
-  "authors": [],
+  "blurb": "Arrays are a collection of multiple values of the same type.",
+  "authors": ["midyHamdoun"],
   "contributors": []
 }

concepts/arrays/about.md

@@ -1 +1,46 @@
-TODO about: arrays
+# About
+
+In Haxe, an **array** is a collection of elements (usually) of the same type. There are three ways to create an array in Haxe; either by constructor or by a decleration syntax. In Haxe, the first element of an array has an index of zero:
+
+```haxe
+var a = [1, 2, 3];
+trace(a); // [1,2,3]
+
+// Here the second element is called by index
+trace(a[1]); // 2
+
+// The actual first element's index is 0
+trace(a[0]); // 1
+```
+
+To create an array using a constructor, you need to pass the type of the elements that are going to be included in the array:
+
+```haxe
+var a:Array<Int> = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+a[1] = "Hello"; // Error: the array a takes integers only
+```
+
+Since array access in Haxe is unbounded, i.e. it is guaranteed to not throw an exception, this requires further discussion:
+
+- If a read access is made on a non-existing index, a target-dependent value is returned.
+- If a write access is made with a positive index which is out of bounds, `null` (or the default value for basic types on static targets) is inserted at all positions between the last defined index and the newly written one.
+- If a write access is made with a negative index, the result is unspecified.
+
+If we want an array to contain multiple types of elements, we add the `Dynamic` type to the type indicator:
+
+```haxe
+var a:Array<Dynamic> = [10, "Bob", true]
+```
+
+## Iteration
+
+Arrays can be iterated using a `for` loop:
+
+```haxe
+var nums = [2, 3, 5];
+var sum = 0;
+for (num in nums) {
+  sum += num;
+}
+trace(sum); // 10
+```

concepts/arrays/introduction.md

@@ -1 +1,27 @@
-TODO introduction: arrays
+# Introduction
+
+In Haxe, an **array** is a collection of elements (usually) of the same type. There are three ways to create an array in Haxe; either by constructor or by a decleration syntax. In Haxe, the first element of an array has an index of zero:
+
+```haxe
+var a = [1, 2, 3];
+trace(a); // [1,2,3]
+
+// Here the second element is called by index
+trace(a[1]); // 2
+
+// The actual first element's index is 0
+trace(a[0]); // 1
+```
+
+To create an array using a constructor, you need to pass the type of the elements that are going to be included in the array:
+
+```haxe
+var a:Array<Int> = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+a[1] = "Hello"; // Error: the array a takes integers only
+```
+
+If we want an array to contain multiple types of elements, we add the `Dynamic` type to the type indicator:
+
+```haxe
+var a:Array<Dynamic> = [10, "Bob", true]
+```

concepts/arrays/links.json

@@ -1,2 +1,10 @@
 [
+  {
+    "url": "https://haxe.org/manual/std-Array.html",
+    "description": "Haxe: Arrays"
+  },
+  {
+    "url": "https://api.haxe.org/Array.html",
+    "description": "Haxe: Array class"
+  }
 ]

concepts/basics/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "blurb": "TODO: add blurb for basics concept",
-  "authors": [],
+  "blurb": "Learn about Haxe basics like functions and variables.",
+  "authors": ["midyHamdoun"],
   "contributors": []
 }

concepts/basics/about.md

@@ -1 +1,38 @@
-TODO about: basics
+# About
+
+Haxe is a strongly typed, but the typing system can be subverted where required. Assigning a value to a name is referred to as defining a variable. A variable can be defined either by explicitly specifying its type, or by letting the Haxe compiler infer the type using the [`var` keyword](var). Therefore, the following two variable definitions are equal:
+
+```haxe
+var explicitVariable:Int = 10; // Explicitly typed
+var implicitVariable = 10; // Implicit typed
+```
+
+Updating a variable can be done using the `=` operator:
+
+```haxe
+var number = 0; // Initial value
+number = 1; // Updated value
+```
+
+The compiler will throw an error when trying to assign a value that's type is different from the variable:
+
+```haxe
+var number = 1; // Variable number is of integer type
+number = "Hello" // Error trying to assign a string to an integer variable
+```
+
+In Haxe, code is usually written inside a _function_, also called [_method_](method). These functions can take parameters (arguments), and return values using the `return` keyword. Functions are invoked using `()` syntax. All functions must have a return type.
+
+```haxe
+function add(x:Int, y:Int):Int {
+  return x + y;
+}
+```
+
+Scope in Haxe is defined between the `{` and `}` characters.
+
+Haxe supports two types of comments. Single line are preceded by `//` and multiline comments are inserted between `/*` and `*/`.
+
+[var]: https://haxe.org/manual/expression-var.html
+[oop]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming
+[method]: https://haxe.org/manual/class-field-method.html

concepts/basics/introduction.md

@@ -1 +1,40 @@
-TODO introduction: basics
+# Introduction
+
+Haxe is a strongly typed, but the typing system can be subverted where required. Assigning a value to a name is referred to as defining a variable. A variable can be defined either by explicitly specifying its type, or by letting the Haxe compiler infer the type. Therefore, the following two variable definitions are equal:
+
+```haxe
+var explicitVariable:Int = 10; // Explicitly typed
+var implicitVariable = 10; // Implicit typed
+```
+
+Updating a variable can be done using the `=` operator:
+
+```haxe
+var number = 0; // Initial value
+number = 1; // Updated value
+```
+
+The compiler will throw an error when trying to assign a value that's type is different from the variable:
+
+```haxe
+var number = 1; // Variable number is of integer type
+number = "Hello" // Error trying to assign a string to an integer variable
+```
+
+A function that's inside a class is called a _method_. Methods can have zero or more parameters. All parameters must be explicitly typed. Just like the parameters, the return type of a method can't be inferred and must be typed. Values are returned from methods using the `return` keyword:
+
+```haxe
+function add(x:Int, y:Int):Int {
+  return x + y;
+}
+```
+
+Invoking a method is done by specifying its class and method name and passing arguments:
+
+```haxe
+var sum = add(1, 2) // sum = 3
+```
+
+Scope in Haxe is defined between the `{` and `}` characters.
+
+Haxe supports two types of comments. Single line are preceded by `//` and multiline comments are inserted between `/*` and `*/`.

concepts/basics/links.json

@@ -1,2 +1,10 @@
 [
+  {
+    "url": "https://haxe.org/manual/expression-var.html",
+    "description": "var"
+  },
+  {
+    "url": "https://haxe.org/manual/class-field-method.html",
+    "description": "method"
+  }
 ]

concepts/bit-manipulation/.meta/config.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "blurb": "TODO: add blurb for bit-manipulation concept",
-  "authors": [],
+  "blurb": "Haxe supports bitwise operators like AND, OR, XOR and shifting.",
+  "authors": ["midyHamdoun"],
   "contributors": []
 }

concepts/bit-manipulation/about.md

@@ -1 +1,14 @@
-TODO about: bit-manipulation
+# About
+
+Haxe has some [unary][unary] and [binary][binary] operators to perform bitwise manipulation:
+
+- `&`: bitwise AND
+- `|`: bitwise OR
+- `^`: bitwise XOR
+- `~`: bitwise NEGATION
+- `<<`: shift left
+- `>>`: shift right
+- `>>>`: unsigned shift right
+
+[binary]: https://haxe.org/manual/expression-operators-binops.html#bitwise-operators
+[unary]: https://haxe.org/manual/expression-operators-unops.html