AlgebraOfGraphics.density() error message: "LoadError: Tuple field type cannot be Union{}." in Julia 1.10

[rdboyes]

Bug description

Tutorial code generates a LoadError: Tuple field type cannot be Union{}.

Steps to reproduce

using PalmerPenguins, DataFrames, AlgebraOfGraphics

penguins = dropmissing(DataFrame(PalmerPenguins.load()))

penguin_bill = data(penguins) * mapping(
    :bill_length_mm => (t -> t / 10) => "bill length (cm)",
    :bill_depth_mm => (t -> t / 10) => "bill depth (cm)",
)

plt = penguin_bill * density(npoints=50) * mapping(col = :species)

axis = (width = 225, height = 225)

draw(plt; axis = axis)

Error reporting

ERROR: LoadError: Tuple field type cannot be Union{}
Stacktrace:
  [1] map(f::Function, d::Dictionaries.Indices{Union{}})
    @ Dictionaries C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\Dictionaries\7aBxp\src\map.jl:91
  [2] unnest(vs::Vector{@NamedTuple{}}, indices::Dictionaries.Indices{Union{}})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layer.jl:81
  [3] unnest_dictionaries(vs::Vector{@NamedTuple{}})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layer.jl:84
  [4] map(f::AlgebraOfGraphics.var"#192#193"{@NamedTuple{datalimits::Tuple{Tuple{Float64, Float64}, Tuple{Float64, Float64}}, npoints::Int64}}, processedlayer::ProcessedLayer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layer.jl:101
  [5] (::AlgebraOfGraphics.DensityAnalysis{MakieCore.Automatic, MakieCore.Automatic, MakieCore.Automatic})(input::ProcessedLayer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\transformations\density.jl:30
  [6] process(layer::Layer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\processing.jl:102
  [7] iterate
    @ Base .\generator.jl:47 [inlined]
  [8] collect(itr::Base.Generator{Layers, typeof(AlgebraOfGraphics.process)})
    @ Base .\array.jl:832
  [9] map
    @ Base .\abstractarray.jl:3301 [inlined]
 [10] ProcessedLayers(a::Layer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layers.jl:41
 [11] compute_axes_grid(d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{width::Int64, height::Int64}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layers.jl:114
 [12] compute_axes_grid
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layers.jl:110 [inlined]
 [13] compute_axes_grid(fig::Makie.Figure, d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{width::Int64, height::Int64}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layers.jl:100
 [14] compute_axes_grid
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\algebra\layers.jl:97 [inlined]
 [15] #240
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:21 [inlined]
 [16] update
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:10 [inlined]
 [17] plot!(fig::Makie.Figure, d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{width::Int64, height::Int64}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:21
 [18] plot!
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:16 [inlined]
 [19] (::AlgebraOfGraphics.var"#244#245"{@NamedTuple{width::Int64, height::Int64}, @NamedTuple{}, @NamedTuple{}, @NamedTuple{}, @NamedTuple{}, Layer})(f::Makie.Figure)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:48
 [20] update
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:10 [inlined]
 [21] #draw#243
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics C:\Users\Randy\.julia\packages\AlgebraOfGraphics\yhdjr\src\draw.jl:47 [inlined]
 [22] top-level scope
    @ c:\Users\Randy\.julia\dev\TidierPlots\scratch\density_test.jl:14
in expression starting at c:\Users\Randy\.julia\dev\TidierPlots\scratch\density_test.jl:14

Version info

Julia Version 1.10.0-beta2
Commit a468aa198d (2023-08-17 06:27 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org/ release
Platform Info:
  OS: Windows (x86_64-w64-mingw32)
  CPU: 6 × Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LIBM: libopenlibm
  LLVM: libLLVM-15.0.7 (ORCJIT, skylake)
  Threads: 1 on 6 virtual cores
Environment:
  JULIA_EDITOR = code
  JULIA_NUM_THREADS =

[rdboyes]

I'm thinking this issue is caused by this change to Julia in 1.10:

A new more-specific rule for methods resolves ambiguities containing Union{} in favor of the method defined explicitly to handle the Union{} argument. This makes it possible to define methods to explicitly handle Union{} without the ambiguities that commonly would result previously. This also lets the runtime optimize certain method lookups in a way that significantly improves load and inference times for heavily overloaded methods that dispatch on Types (such as traits and constructors).

Possibly the error is happening here?:

AlgebraOfGraphics.jl/src/transformations/density.jl

Line 9 in c9753ff

_kde(data::NTuple{1, Any}; kwargs...) = kde(data...; kwargs...)

[sethaxen]

I'm encountering this too with this simpler reproducer:

julia> draw(
           data((x=randn(100), y=randn(100))) *
           mapping(:x, :y) *
           AlgebraOfGraphics.density() *
           visual(Contour)
       )
ERROR: Tuple field type cannot be Union{}
Stacktrace:
  [1] map(f::Function, d::Dictionaries.Indices{Union{}})
    @ Dictionaries ~/.julia/packages/Dictionaries/7aBxp/src/map.jl:91
  [2] unnest(vs::Vector{@NamedTuple{}}, indices::Dictionaries.Indices{Union{}})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layer.jl:81
  [3] unnest_dictionaries(vs::Vector{@NamedTuple{}})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layer.jl:84
  [4] map(f::AlgebraOfGraphics.var"#193#194"{@NamedTuple{…}}, processedlayer::ProcessedLayer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layer.jl:101
  [5] (::AlgebraOfGraphics.DensityAnalysis{…})(input::ProcessedLayer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/transformations/density.jl:30
  [6] call_composed
    @ Base ./operators.jl:1045 [inlined]
  [7] call_composed
    @ Base ./operators.jl:1044 [inlined]
  [8] (::ComposedFunction{AlgebraOfGraphics.Visual, AlgebraOfGraphics.DensityAnalysis{…}})(x::ProcessedLayer)
    @ Base ./operators.jl:1041
  [9] process(layer::Layer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/processing.jl:102
 [10] iterate(g::Base.Generator, s::Vararg{Any})
    @ Base ./generator.jl:47 [inlined]
 [11] collect(itr::Base.Generator{Layers, typeof(AlgebraOfGraphics.process)})
    @ Base ./array.jl:834
 [12] map
    @ ./abstractarray.jl:3310 [inlined]
 [13] ProcessedLayers(a::Layer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layers.jl:41
 [14] compute_axes_grid(d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layers.jl:114
 [15] compute_axes_grid
    @ ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layers.jl:110 [inlined]
 [16] compute_axes_grid(fig::Figure, d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layers.jl:100
 [17] compute_axes_grid
    @ ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/algebra/layers.jl:97 [inlined]
 [18] #241
    @ ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:21 [inlined]
 [19] update
    @ ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:10 [inlined]
 [20] plot!(fig::Figure, d::Layer; axis::@NamedTuple{}, palettes::@NamedTuple{})
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:21
 [21] plot!
    @ ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:16 [inlined]
 [22] (::AlgebraOfGraphics.var"#245#246"{…})(f::Figure)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:48
 [23] update
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:10 [inlined]
 [24] #draw#244
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:47 [inlined]
 [25] draw(d::Layer)
    @ AlgebraOfGraphics ~/.julia/packages/AlgebraOfGraphics/tbMEb/src/draw.jl:44
 [26] top-level scope
    @ REPL[7]:1
Some type information was truncated. Use `show(err)` to see complete types.

[joshualeond]

@sethaxen and @rdboyes you see that latest comment that this is likely an issue with the Dictionaries.jl package instead? JuliaLang/julia#52385 (comment)

[rdboyes]

I saw it! I meant to post an issue on Dictionaries but I haven't gotten around to it yet

[palday]

I've got a PR to Dictionaries with a fix: andyferris/Dictionaries.jl#127

[lazarusA]

well, this is unfortunate, now AoG is really failing with a lot of my examples :( due to this .